Today, interventions are often limited and reactive:
Drug overdose is treated with naloxone (Narcan®), which restores breathing but does not remove circulating opioids or metabolites.
Patients with liver coma (also known as hepatic encephalopathy) rely on treatments such as lactulose, rifaximin, or ultimately liver transplantation, approaches that are slow, inconsistent, and resource-intensive.
Sepsis is managed with broad immunosuppressive therapies, which lack precision and carry significant risks.
These options are delayed, invasive, or insufficient, leaving a dangerous therapeutic gap in the emergency setting.